Steel wire rope is an important component with high strength, good elasticity, light weight, and good flexibility, widely used in various industries such as machinery, shipbuilding, mining, metallurgy, and forestry

It is a rope made of twisted steel wire, as shown in Figure 1. The fiber rope in the middle is called the core, and the steel wire twisted around the core is called the strand. The diameter of steel wire rope is generally 3.15-65mm, with a maximum thickness of 120mm, and the diameter of untwisted steel wire rope can reach 1000mm. In the early 19th century, in Europe, ropes made of iron wire were used in mines instead of hemp rope and iron chains; Later, steel wire ropes appeared. Steel wire rope has a wide range of uses and varieties. At the end of the 1970s, the production of ****** steel wire rope was about 0.3% of the total steel production. China began producing steel wire ropes around 1939 and can now produce many varieties. Steel wire rope is widely used in tensioning, pulling, lifting, hoisting, pulling, and other aspects.

The main production areas of steel wire rope include steel wire rope factories in Tianjin, Shanghai, Shenyang, Shaanxi, Jiangsu and other places. Its products are not only supplied for domestic use, but also exported to the Philippines, Singapore, Hong Kong, Spain, Canada, Egypt, Yemen, and other countries. The steel wire ropes imported into our country mainly come from Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, Russia, South Korea, etc.

Compared with other ropes, steel wire rope has the advantages of high strength, good toughness, no noise, and easy use. The commonly used steel grades for rope making are 60, 65, 70, 75MnCuTi, etc., and their sulfur and phosphorus content shall not exceed 0.035%. The following figure shows a detailed dissection of the steel wire rope by Dagang Steel Wire Rope, visually demonstrating the composition of the steel wire rope including steel wire, steel strand, and inner core.

The reason why steel wire rope is widely used is because it has the following characteristics:

(1) L'acier câble peut transmettre des charges à longue distance

(2) 钢丝绳可以承受各种负载和变化负载

(3) 钢丝绳具有高抗拉强度，山西太原钢丝绳综合疲劳强度和冲击韧性

(4) 钢丝绳具有良好的耐磨性、抗震性和在高速工作条件下的操作稳定性

(5) L'acier câble a une bonne résistance à la corrosion et peut fonctionner normalement dans des environnements difficiles avec divers médias nuisibles.

(6) 钢丝绳具有良好的柔韧性，适用于牵引、拉动、捆绑等多种用途。

(7) La coefficient de charge des câbles en acier est élevé, et il est fiable à utiliser

(8) La cuerda de alambre de acero tiene un peso ligero, lo que facilita su transporte y manejo.

Raw materials: The wire rope drawing referred to here refers to a process in which raw materials undergo acid washing, phosphating, shell stripping, and billet opening, during which one or more pull-out processes are carried out to change their molecular structure and achieve the target diameter.

The raw materials include black metals with a diameter of 0.14-10.00mm and non-ferrous metals with a diameter of 0.01-16.00mm.

``` msgid "Acid washing: The process of using acid solution to wash away rust and rolled skin on the surface of steel wire rope raw materials. In the production process of steel wire rope, it is also called shell stripping, which mainly removes the oxide of the high wire to prevent impurities such as rust from affecting the opening of the billet and damaging the drawing die." msgstr "酸洗：使用酸溶液清洗钢丝绳原材料表面锈蚀和轧制皮的过程。在钢丝绳的生产过程中，也称为剥壳，主要去除高线的氧化物，以防止锈蚀等杂质影响坯料的开口并损坏拉丝模具。" ```

Phosphating: 简而言之，它是将材料浸入磷酸盐溶液中，以在其表面获得不溶于水的磷酸盐膜的过程。在某种程度上，它可以防止腐蚀。

Open billet: A hole of a certain shape, round, square, octagonal, or other special shape, in the center of various molds for drawing metal wires. When metal forcefully passes through the mold hole, its size and shape change.

Cold drawn wire: For ordinary round steel, if it is forcefully pulled through a hole slightly smaller than its diameter, the diameter of the round steel will decrease and the length will elongate. Repeating this process will further reduce the size of the round steel. After this plastic deformation occurs, the hardness of the steel will increase and the plasticity will basically disappear. In situations where plasticity is not required, only strength is required, such steel can be used.

``` msgid "Tempering: Because the molecular structure of the steel wire has been destroyed, only tempering can restore the internal structure of the steel wire again. In order to facilitate re drawing, it is not easy to break and can be pulled to the strength we want. Strength is what we call tensile strength. The strength is drawn by wire drawing, not by heat treatment. This is the difference between wire rope technology and mechanical processing technology. General strength: 1470 N/mm2, 1570 N/mm2, 1670 N/mm2, 21770 N/mm2, 1870N/mm2, 21960 N/mm2. The higher the strength, the stronger the tensile strength, but the poorer the toughness. So, we should choose the appropriate strength when selecting steel wire ropes. We can't just focus on high intensity. High strength steel wire rope has strong tensile strength, but is relatively weak in terms of wear resistance and flexibility." msgstr "回火：由于钢丝的分子结构已经被破坏，只有回火才能再次恢复钢丝的内部结构。为了方便重新拉制，不容易断裂，可以拉到我们想要的强度。强度就是我们所称的抗拉强度。强度是通过拉丝而不是热处理来获得的。这是钢丝绳技术与机械加工技术之间的区别。一般强度：1470 N/mm2，1570 N/mm2，1670 N/mm2，21770 N/mm2，1870N/mm2，21960 N/mm2。强度越高，抗拉强度越强，但韧性越差。因此，在选择钢丝绳时，我们应该选择合适的强度。我们不能只关注高强度。高强度钢丝绳具有强大的抗拉强度，但在耐磨性和柔韧性方面相对较弱。" ```

Production process of steel wire rope - Twisted strand

The type, structure, and use of twisted strands depend on the type, structure, raw materials, and production process of the steel wire rope. Generally, carbon steel wire with a circular cross-section and a diameter of 0.1-6.0mm is used for steel wire ropes. When twisting sealed and semi sealed steel wire ropes, Z-shaped and other special-shaped steel wires are used. The types of steel wire ropes are classified according to their uses, including suspension bridge ropes and mining twisted strands, overhead cableway carrying ropes, transmission device traction ropes, elevator ropes, and tying ropes for bundling and towing goods. The variety of steel wire ropes is constantly increasing, and their structures are becoming increasingly complex. In addition to using various coated steel wires, stainless steel wires and bimetallic steel wires are also used. To ensure the ***** performance and reliability of the steel wire rope, it is required that the steel wire rope has sufficient strength, good flexibility, dense twisting, compressive strength, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and fatigue strength, among which strength * * * is important.

The cross-sectional structure of steel wire rope includes point contact circular strands, line contact circular strands, surface contact circular strands, irregular strands, single-layer strands that do not rotate, sealed, and flat. The surface contact round strand steel wire rope is made by pulling the wire contact strands through a wire drawing die or roller die with the traction force of a twisting machine. Through die drawing, the cross-sections of the rope strands before and after deformation

There are two anti-corrosion measures in the stock: oil coating and plating.

``` msgid "All steel wire ropes must be coated with oil. The fiber core is immersed in oil, and the grease is required to protect the fiber core from rotting or rusting the steel wire, moisturize the fibers, and lubricate the steel wire rope from the inside. Surface oiling ensures that all steel wires in the rope strand are evenly coated with a layer of rust proof lubricating grease. For ropes used in mines with high friction and mining water, black oil grease with strong abrasion resistance and water resistance should be applied; For other purposes, apply red oil and grease with strong film-forming properties and good rust prevention performance, and require a thin oil layer for easy cleaning during operation." ```

The coating includes galvanizing, aluminum plating, nylon or plastic coating, etc. The price of galvanized electric hoists in Taiyuan is divided into thin coating of steel wire first plated and then pulled, and thick coating of steel wire pulled and galvanized. The mechanical properties of thick coating are lower than those of smooth steel wire rope, and it is suitable for use in severely corrosive environments. Aluminum plated steel wire rope is more corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant, and heat-resistant than galvanized steel wire rope. It is mainly used for fishing trawl ships and mines containing H2S, and is produced using the first plating and then pulling method. The steel wire rope coated with nylon or plastic is divided into two types: coated rope and coated strand combined rope. The former is used for static cables, while the latter is used for dynamic cables.

The winding process involves coiling the steel wire onto the spool of the twisting machine and rewinding it; The steel wire can also be directly wound onto the I-wheel from the wire drawing machine. Twist the steel wire into strands. Twisting machines include basket type, shaft tube type, tubeless type, and double twisting machine. For the schematic diagram of a 12 axis tubular twisting machine, 1 is the I-shaped wheel that holds the lower layer of rope strands, 2 is the rotating barrel that contains 12 I-shaped wheels filled with steel wire, 3 is the wire pressing tile that forms the strands, 4 is the traction wheel, and 5 is the winding wheel of the upper layer of rope strands. After one rotation of the barrel, the length of the rope strands drawn out by the traction wheel is the twist pitch of the strands.